Try to explain itself check your concept
Modems Standards
Traditional modems
56k Modems
Uploading
Downloading
Result
Lecture 1
Cable Modems
Downloading
Uploading
Electromagnetic Energy
Classes of Transmission Media
Transmission Media:
Guided
Unguided
Two classes of Transmission Media
Guided Media
Unguided Media
Guided Media
Guided Media:
Twisted-Pair cable
Coaxial cable
Fiber-optic cable
Twisted pair cable:
Unshielded Twisted Pair UTP
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Frequency range for twisted pair cable
100Hz 5MHZ
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
Parallel Flat Wire
Noise Effect on Twisted-Pair
Advantages of UTP
Categories of UTP Cable
Category 1
Category 2
Category3
Category4
Category5
UTP Connectors
Lecture # 2
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cable
100 kHz 500 MHz
Coaxial Cable standards
Coaxial Cable Connectors
T-Connector
Terminators
Optical Fiber
The Nature of Light
Refraction
Example of Refraction
Direction of Refraction
Critical Angle
Critical Angle
Refraction
Optical Fibers & Reflection
Propagation Modes:
Mode
Multimode Step-index Graded-index
Single Mode
Multimode Fiber
Disadvantage of Multimode Step-index Fiber
Multimode Graded-index Fiber
Lecture # 3
Single Mode Fiber
Fiber Sizes
Light Sources for Optical Cable
LED:
LASER:
Fiber Optic connectors
Advantages of Optical Fiber
Noise Resistance:
Less Signal Attenuation
Higher Bandwidth
Disadvantages of Optical Fiber
Cost
Installation
Disadvantages of Optical Fiber
Fragility
Unguided Media
Radio Frequency Allocation
Propagation of Radio Waves
Types of Propagation:
Space
TROPOSHERE
IONOSPHERE
Surface Propagation
Troposphere Propagation
Line-of-Sight
Broadcast
Ionosphere propagation
Line of Sight propagation
Space Propagation
LECTURE # 4
Propagation of Specific Signals
Very Low Frequency (VLF)
3 kHz Long-range radio navigation 30 kHz
Low Frequency (LF)
30 KHz Long-range radio navigation 300 KHz
Middle Frequency (MF)
AM radio
300 KHz 535 KHz 1.605 MHz 3 MHz
High Frequency (HF)
CB radio
3MHz 30Mhz
Very High Frequency (VHF)
Paging TV FM Aircraft TV
30MHz 54 88 108 174 216 300MHz
Ultra High Frequency (UHF)
Mobile Telephone UHF TV Cellur ra paging Microwave 3Ghz.
300 MHz 470 806
Super High Frequency (SHF)
Microwave
3GHz 30Ghz
Extremely High Frequency (EHF)
Microwave
30 GHz 300GHz.
Terrestrial Microwave
Repeaters
Antennas
Parabolic Dish
HORN
Satellite Communication
Geosynchronous Satellite
Satellite Frequency Bands
Cellular Telephony
Each service area is divided into small ranges called cells.
Operations of Cellular Telephony
Transmitting
Receiving
Handoff
Transmission Impairments
Impairment
Attenuation
Distortion
Noise
Attenuation
Decibel (dB)
Distortion
LECTURE # 5
Transmission Impairments
Impairment:
Attenuation
Distortion
Noise
Attenuation
Decibel (dB)
Distortion
Noise
Induced Noise
Crosstalk:
Impulse Noise
Performance of Medium:
Throughput
Propagation Speed
Propagation Time
Throughput
Propagation Speed
Propagation Time
WAVELENGTH
Media comparison
Cost:
Speed:
ATTENUATION:
EM Interference:
SECURITY:
Lecture # 6
Introduction to Multiplexing
Multiplexing
Path:
Channel:
Categories of Multiplexing
Multiplexing
Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)
Time-Division multiplexing (TDM) Synchronous Asynchronous
Wave-division multiplexing (WDM)
FDM
FDM (Guard Bands)
GURD BANDS
DEMULTIPLEXING
Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM)
Mechanism of WDM
PRISM
TDM
Implementation of TDM
Synchronous TDM
Synchronous TDM Example
Synchronous TDM Frames
Interleaving
Weakness of Synchronous TDM Figure
Demultiplexing Process
Framing Bits
Synchronous TDM
LECTURE # 7
Bit Stuffing
Asynchronous TDM
Advantages of Asynchronous TDM
Asynchronous TDM Figure 1
Asynchronous TDM Figure 2
Asynchronous TDM Figure 3
Aspects of Asynchronous TDM
Addressing and Overhead
Inverse Multiplexing
Why do we need inverse Multiplexing?
Multiplexing Application
The Telephone System
LECTURE # 8
Telephone Services
Services
Analog services
Digital Services
Common Carrier Services & Hierarchies
Analog Services
Switched Analog Services
Analog Leased Service
Conditional lines
Analog Hierarchy
Digital Services
Types of Digital Services
Digital Services
Switched/56 DDS Ds
Swithced/56 service
Digital Data Service (DDS)
Digital Signal (DS) Service
T Lines
LECTURE # 9
T Lines
T Lines for Analog Lines
T1 Frame (Figure)
Fractional T Lines (Figures)
E-Lines
Fiber to the Curb (FTTC)
FTTC in Telephone Network
FTTC in Cable TV Network
ERROR DETECTION AND CORRECTION
Introduction
Types of Errors
ERRORS
Single-bit
Burst Errors
Error Detection
Redundancy
Types of Redundancy checks
Vertical Redundancy check (VRC)
Performance of VRC
Lecture # 10
Error Detection and Correction Methods
Longitudinal Red Check (LRC)
Performance of LRC
Cyclic Redundancy check (CRC)
Qualities of CRC
The CRC Generator
The CRC Checker
Polynomials
Selection of a Polynomial
Popular polynomials for CRC
Performance of CRC
LECTURE # 11
Error Detection and Correction Method
Checksum
One’s Complement
CHECKSUM Generator
Cecksum Figure
Performance of Checksum
ERROR CORRECTION
Single-bit Error Correction
Lecture# 12
Hammming Code
Redundancy Bits (r)
Haming code
Data Link Layer
Introduction
Data Link Layer & Its Functions
Data Link Control
Line Discipline
Flow Control:
Error Control:
Line Discipline:
Ways to do Line Discipline
Enquiry/Acknowledgment (ENQ/ACK)
Poll /Select
LECTURE # 13
Line Discipline
Enquiry/Acknowledgement (ENQ/ACK)
How it works?
Poll/Select
Polling
SELECTING
Addressing
Select
Poll
Flow Control-Definition
LECTURE # 14
Flow Control stop-and-wait sliding window
Flow Control-Explanation
Flow Control-Buffer
Methods for Flow Control
Stop and wait
Advantages of stop and wait
Simplicity
Disadvantages of Stop and wait
INEFFICIENT (slow)
Sliding window
AUTOMATIC REPEAT REQUEST (ARQ)
Categories of Error Control
Error control
Stop-and-wait Sliding window
ARQ
GO-Back-n Selective-reject
Stop and wait ARQ
Damaged Frame
Lost Frame
Lost ACK, NAK Frame
LECTURE # 15
SLIDING WINDOS ARQ
Go Back n ARQ
Go Back n-Damaged Frame
Go Back n-Lost Data Frame
Go Back n-Lost ACK
Selective Reject ARQ
Selective Reject ARQ vs. Go Back n
Protocols
Protocol
Protocol in Data Comm.
Data Link Protocols:
Categories of Data Link Protocols
Data Link protocols
Asynchronous Synchronous
Protocols protocols
\
Asynchronous Protocols:
Synchronous protocols:
Asynchronous Protocols
Inherent Slowness is a disadvantage:
Not Complex and Inexpensive to implement
Different Asynchronous Protocols
XMODEM
Transmission in XMODEM
Control Frames in XMODEM
Control Frames in XMODEM
Control Frames from the receiver
-ACK: Acknowledgement
-NAK: Error or Start of transmission
-CAN: Aborts the Transmission
LECTURE # 16
YMODEM
ZMODEM
BLAST
KERMIT
Synchronous Protocols
Classes of Synchronous protocols
Character-Oriented Protocols
Bit-Oriented Protocols
Binary synchronous Communication (BSC)
CONTROL FRAMES
DATA FRAMES
DATA FRAMES
Data Frame with Header
Multiblock Frame
Multi
Frames
Control Frames
LECTRUE # 17
Bit-Oriented Protocols
SDLC HDLC LAPs LANs
High Level Data Link Control (HDLC)
Characterization of HDLC
STATION TYPES (1)
STATION TYPES (2)
Primary station
STATION TYPES (4)
Combined station
Configuration (1)
Configuration (2)
Unbalanced configuration
Configuration (3)
Symmetrical Configuration
Configuration (4)
Balanced Configuration
Station Types & Configurations
Modes
Normal Response Mode (NRM)
Asynchronous Response Mode (ARM)
Asynchronous Balanced Mode (ABM)
HDLC Frames
1-Frames
S-Frames
U-Frame
Flag Field
HDLC Address Field
HDLC Control Field
P/F bit
HDLC Control Field –EXTENDED
Piggybacking
Link Access Procedures
LECTURE# 18
Local Area Network
Architectures for LANs
LAN compared with OSI
Logical Link control (LLC)
Medium Access Control (MAC)
PROJECT 802
IEEE 802.II
LLC
MAC
Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
DSAP and SSAP
CONTROL
ETHERNET
IEEE 802.3 define two categories
Access Method: CSMA/CD
Need for Access Method
COLLISIONS
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
NA CSMA CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD
CSMA
Addressing
Data Rate
Implementation
10 Base 5: Thick Ethernet
Size limitations of 10 Base 5
Topology of 10 Base 5
RG-8 Cable
TRANSCEIVER
AUI Cables
TRANSCEIVER TAP
VAMPIRE TAP
LECTURE # 19
Ethernet
802.3 Baseband Digital (Manchester
10Base 2: Thin Ethernet Advantages
Disadvantages
Physical Topology of 10 base 2
NIC
RG-58 Cable
BNC-T
10 base T: Twisted pair Ethernet
1 Base 5: STAR LAN
DAISY CHAINING
Switched Ethernet
Fast Ethernet
100 Base-TX and 100 Base-FX
100 Base-T4
Gigabit Ethernet
Token Bus
LECTURE # 20
Token Ring
Access Control of Token Ring
Monitor stations
Token Ring Frame
Data Frame Fields
Implementation
Token Ring Switch
Multi station Access Unit (MAU)
FDDI
FDDI Time Registers
FDDI Timers
Station procedure
Dual Ring (Figure-1)
Dual Ring (Figure-2)
LECTURE # 21
Internet
Connecting devices (Figure-I)
Connecting devices (Figure-2)
Repeaters (Figure-I)
Repeaters (Figure-2)
Repeaters (Figure-3)
Bridges
TCP/IP Protocols
Good luck for your future
if you have passion about data communication take further advance courseslike CCNA .CCNP .
No comments:
Post a Comment